TABLE OF CONTENTS OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
-Abse 1956
. Women. Abuse. Personal. Hostile attitudes of shock doctors.
-Alpers 1946
. Cats. Brain Damage. Animals
-Alpers and Hughes 1942
. Human Autopsy studies. Brain damage.
-Alpers and Hughes 1942
. Key Article. Review of Brain Damage. Also see Hartelius 1952.
-American Psychiatric Association Task Force 1978
. Survey shows 32% of psychiatrists have “some degree of opposition” to ECT; and 41% agree and only 26% disagree with “It is likely that ECT produces slight or subtle brain damage.” Brain Damage. Controversy.
-Babayan 1985
. Brain Damage. A USSR textbook describes brain damage.
-Baker 1995
. Children. Brain Damage. Abuse. Ethics.
-Baldwin 1996
. Children. Controversy. Ethics.
-Baldwin & Jones 1996
. Children. Controversy.
-Baldwin & Oxlad 1996a
. Children. Effectiveness. Controversy.
-Baldwin & Oxlad 1996b
. Children. Controversy. Ban.
-Bender. 1947
. Shocked 100 children at Bellevue. Abuse. See Clardy follow-up & critique.
-Bengzon et al. 1997
. Non-ECT seizures cause brain cell death and neurogenesis.
-Bini 1938. The ECT co-inventor describes the production of seizures in dogs by rectal and oral electrodes. Bini sees the widespread damage as part of the treatment, and began human ECT the same year. Brain damage. Animals. Origins. Brain-Disabling Principle: “These very alterations [widespread brain damage] may be responsible for the favorable transformation…” p. 174.
-Bocchio-Chiavetto, et al. 2006
. ECT increases BDNF and this is seen as positive by the authors. However, it’s a marker for brain injury. Also see BDNF for explanation.
-Bolwig and Madsen 2007. ECT-induced neurogenesis is therapeutic. In fact, confirms brain damage. Animals.
-Boyle 1986
. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction.
-Bracken et al. 2012
. Brief review of sham or placebo ECT studies. Efficacy. See p. 431.
-Breggin 1979. The complete PDF of Dr. Breggin’s 1979 book Electroshock
. Every aspect of ECT is covered and remains relevant today. For the serious scholar or student, this book is the place to begin. More recent studies simply confirm the older data and conclusions, as well as the brain-disabling principle of psychiatric treatment.
-Breggin 1981
. Overview. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction. Delirium.
-Breggin 1984
. Critique of Weiner. Delirium. Brain Damage.
-Breggin 1985. Brain Damage. Delirium. Breggin report to the ECT Consensus Conference on brain pathology and delirium. Brief and to the point. (to be added)
-Breggin 1986a
. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction. Harm from nondominant ECT
-Breggin 1986b
. Overview. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction. Delirium. Personal.
-Breggin 1998
. Key Article. Overview. The most detailed peer-reviewed critical overview on ECT. In addition, see more recent
Breggin (2010). Compares ECT to head injury.
-Breggin 2006
. Brain Damage (spellbinding). How ECT and drugs mask their harmful effect by impairing self-evaluation, judgment and insight.
-Breggin 2010
. Key Article. Most current peer-reviewed overview. Written for the FDA during its deliberating that has led the agency say it will require testing of the machines. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction.
-Breggin 2011
. Brain Damage (chronic brain impairment, CBI). Describes the effects of brain injury (less then dementia) from ECT, drugs, and trauma.
-Brody 1944
. Shows memory dysfunction
-Bronen 2000
. Non-ECT Seizures or convulsions without ECT can cause brain damage.
-Brown 2011
. Washington Post newspaper article about FDA decision to require testing of ECT machines.
-Brussell 1951
. Intensive. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction. Abuse.
-Burke 1987
. Elderly. Brain damage. Cardiovascular complications.
-Burstow 2006a
. Women. Abuse. Personal. Overview. Memory Dysfunction. Ban.
-Burstow 2006b
. ECT as violence against women. Personal.
-Busto et al. 1987. Non-ECT. Small variation in temperature during brain ischemia worsen outcome. (ECT produces both ischemia and increased heat in the brain.) Mechanism. Brain damage.
-Cameron, DE and Pande 1958
. Abuse. Intensive. [CIA funded; lawsuits and negative follow ups later on. See Schwartzman & Termansen 1967 follow up in this list; see Farnsworth 1992 for NYT story]
-Cameron, DG 1994
. Overview. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction.
-Cavazos et al. 1996
. Animals. Rats. Brain Damage.
-Cerletti 1950
. Origins. Bini’s use of mouth-anal electrodes was to reduce gross brain damage for study purposes (p. 88) (see Bini 1938 for widespread brain damage.) From beginning, Bini and Cerletti knew they were damaging the brain.
-Clardy & Rumph 1954
. Analysis of children shocked by L. Bender. Abuse. Personal.
-Consensus Conference 1985
. NIMH version. Overview. Memory Dysfunction. Controversy. Lack of Efficacy beyond 4 weeks. Intensive ECT rejected
-Consensus Conference of NIH 1986
. JAMA version (see above)
-Daalen-Smith et al. 2011
. Key Article. Women. Abuse. Memory Dysfunction. Autobiographical. Personal
--Daniel et al.1982
. Autobiographic memory loss.
-Daniel et al.1983
. Autobiographic memory loss. Bilateral worse.
-Davies et al. 1971
. Davies et al. say the machines need safety controls over to limit excessive power. Nowadays some advocates complain that the controls don’t allow for enough power to be delivered to have sufficient effect. Davies et al. 1971 (p. 98) cite a personal communication from Janis stating that some memory deficits found in Janis’s research lasted at least for a full year after ECT.
-Dolan 1990
. A neurologist in a brief paragraph confirms memory loss.
-Enev et al. 2007
. Seizure propagation shows an aspect of the mechanism of Brain Damage
-Farnsworth 1992
. New York Times newspaper report on D.E. Cameron’s use of ECT to obliterate memory and personality. Intensive. Abuse. Memory Dysfunction.
-Ferraro & Roizen-1946
. Important research on Animals. Monkeys. Brain Damage. Fewer ECTs than in their 1949 study. Their data shows more damage than their conclusions.
-Ferraro & Roizen 1949
. Animals. Monkeys. Brain Damage. Intensive ECT. Their data shows more damage than their conclusions.
-Fiegel 1990
. Elderly. Brain Damage. Brain scans. Delirium.
-Fink 1958
. Brain Damage. An advocate confirms the Brain-disabling principle.
-Fisher 1985
. Brain Damage. Non-ECT. This about closed head injury effects from traumatic head injury (TBI), which are similar to the effects of ECT.
-Frank 1990
. Overview. Memory Dysfunction. Brain Damage. Abuse. Personal.
-Fraser 2008
. Memory Dysfunction. Autobiographic.
-Freeman and Kendall 1980
. Key Article. Most patients report memory problems years later even when asked by the doctors who shocked them. Also see Rosenberg and Pettinati, 1984 for similar results.
-Friedberg 1981a
. Key Article. Overview by a neurologist. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction.
-Friedberg 1981b
. Letter in response to Friedberg 1981a.
-Froede & Baldwin 1999
. Key Article. At public hearings numerous people testify about the damage done to them by ECT. Brain damage. Memory Loss. Cognitive Dysfunction. Abuse. Personal.
-Giles 2002
. Review. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction
-Glueck et al. 1957
. Intensive. Brain Damage. Abuse. Memory Dysfunction. Psychiatric Quarterly 31,117-136.
-Goldman, Gomer and Templer 1972
. Many ECT. Intensive. Brain damage.
-Greenberg 2007
. Brain damage causes neurogenesis.
-Hartelius 1952
. Key Article. Brain Damage. Animals. Cats. 128 pages. Definitive. The summary at the end can be read by itself.
-Hartelius 1953
. Key Article. Book Review of Hartelius (see above above) in a neurology journal that concludes that brain damage has been proven by Hartelius (1952). After this admission, advocates which almost uniformly ignore Hartelius, Alpers, Ferraro & Roizen and other animal researchers and instead falsely declare that there is no evidence for brain damage in animals.
-Hicks et al, 1997
. BDNF. Brain damage. Animals.
-Janis and Astrachan 1951
. Memory Dysfunction. Autobiographic. Personal. This definitive study was simple to do. The authors collected autobiographical memories from ECT patients before and after ECT, and found great losses. ECT advocates for years afterward avoided repeating this simply study. More recently they have approached the problem with simple questionnaires, with actually interviewing the patients, and even this narrow approach confirms that ECT causes serious gaps in all-important life memories, such as weddings, births of children, and vacations. Patients also lose portions of their education, and their homemaking and professional skills, but advocates rarely test for this. Personal accounts collected by independent observers confirm these broader losses.
-Janis 1950
. Key Article. Memory Dysfunction. Autobiographic. Personal. Davies et al. 1971 (p. 98) cite a personal communication from -Janis stating that some memory deficits found in Janis’s research lasted at least for a full year after ECT.
Also see Janis and Astrachan, 1951.
-Jin et al. 2006
. Neurogenesis. Brain Damage. Animals.
-Jones and Baldwin. 1992. Key Article. Good Overview. Controversy. Consent. Brain damage. Memory Loss. Abuse. Effectiveness.
-Jones & Baldwin 1996
. Children. Abuse. Consent.
-Johnstone 1999
. Memory Dysfunction. Women. Abuse. Consent. Personal.
-Kahn and Fink 1959
. They claim ECT is for less intelligent, empathic, imaginative or sensitive people. Confirms Brain-Disabling Principle.
-Kaplan et al. 2010
. BDNF is response to trauma, brain damage
-Kennedy & Anchel 1948
. Intensive ECT. Brain Damage. Abuse.
-Kohn et al. 2007
. ECT further reduces blood flow to frontal lobes in depressed patients. This confirms the brain-disabling principle. Less blood flow means impaired function and the risk of brain damage.
-Koopowitz et al. 2003
. Memory Dysfunction. Consent. Personal.
-Kroessler and Fogel 1993
. Elderly. Mortality. Women.
-Krystal & Weiner 1994
. Flatling, more energy, worse seizures are better. Brain-Disabling.
-Krystal, Weiner & Coffey 1994
. Flatling, more energy, worse seizures are better. Brain-Disabling.
-Lambourn and Gill 1978
. Sham ECT. Efficacy. More recent reviews are Read (2010) and Ross (2006).
-Lisanby et al. 2000
. Memory Dysfunction. Autobiographic memory and especially public events memory are most harmed.
-Lukoyanov et al. 2004
Brain Damage. Cell death. Impaired new learning. Animals.
-Madsen et al. 2000
. Neurogenesis causes ECT improvement. In reality, confirms brain damage.
-Martinotti et al. 2011
ECT increases BDNF in “successful” treatment. Brain damage. Brain-Disabling.
-Moskowitz 2002
. Neurogenesis. Stroke. Brain Damage.
-Munk-Olsen et al. 2007
. ECT increases suicide risk.
-Neuberger et al. 1942
. Brain Damage. Animals dogs.
-Nibuya et al. 1995
. BDNF beneficial effect of ECT. Actually a marker for brain damage.
-Nobler et al. 1993
. EEG Flatlining is good. Brain-Disabling
-Nobler et al. 2001
. ECT decreases brain metabolism (neuronal activity). Frontal and temporal lobes. Lobotomy-like effect by impairing metabolism. Brain damage. Sackeim coauthor. It also reduces blood flow (Kohn et al., 2007).
-Ohira et al. 2010
. Neurogenesis. Brain damage.
-Older 1994
. Key Article. Non-ECT. Shows effects of injury to non-dominant side of brain (compared to unilateral nondominant ECT). While harder to detect, the injury is widespread to cognition (abstract thinking, generalizing) and personality.
-Oxlad & Baldwin 1996
. Key Article. Elderly. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction. Abuse. Consent.
-Parent 2003a
. Neurogenesis. Brain damage.
-Parent 2003b
. Non-ECT seizures can cause brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Quote (p. 1): “However, scientific data are slowly accumulating to suggest that recurring seizures may contribute to nerve cell injury in the brain, and this may be associated with declines in cognitive function and quality of life.” Keep in mind that ECT seizures are much more intense and frequent, and far more damaging.
-Paulson 1967
Memory Dysfunction worsened by prior brain disorder.
-Rosenberg and Pettinati 1984
. Key Article. Long-term, persistent memory loss and dysfunction reported by patients. See Freeman and Kendal for similar results. Bilateral worse.
-Perrin et al. 2012
. Key Article. Brain Damage. Lobotomy. ECT reduces “frontal cortical connectivity.” ECT effects are similar to lobotomy in isolating frontal lobes.
-Pettinati & Bonner 1984
. Key Article. Elderly. Memory loss. Cognitive dysfunction.
-Philpot et al. 2004
. Memory Dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction. Women. Abuse.
-Portnoy 1986
. Overview. Memory and Cognitive Dysfunction.
-Read 2010
. Key Article. Efficacy. Sham ECT. Overview.
-Robertson & Pryor 2006
. Key Article. Memory and Cognitive dysfunction. Autobiographic.
-Rose et al. 2005
. Memory Dysfunction. Efficacy. Personal. Overview.
-Ross 2006
. Key Article. Sham. Efficacy. Consent. Most recent is Read (2010).
-Roth & Garside 1962. Lobotomy and ECT are compared. Confirms Brain-Damage and the Brain-Disabling Hypothesis. (to be added)
-Rothschild et al. 1951
. Intensive. Brain Damage. Abuse.
-Sackeim et al. 2007
. Key Article. Long-term follow up. Memory loss. Cognitive Dysfunction. Brain Damage. A dementia syndrome described but not identified or diagnosed as such. Bilateral worse shows drastic harm to all patients.
-Sackeim et al. 2000
. Memory and Cognitive Dysfunction. Bilateral worse, including disorientation. Brain-disabling principle of higher doses more effective. More powerful machines needed!
-Sagebiel 1961
. Memory Dysfunction. Brain Damage. Intensive.
-Salters appeal 2007 (judge’s opinion)
. Confirms Breggin testimony on Memory Dysfunction.
-Sament 1983
. Neurologist confirms Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction. Calls for Ban.
-Schwartzman & Termansen 1967
. Follow up on DE Cameron’s work, 1958. Intensive rejected. Memory Dysfunction. Abuse. Also see Farnsworth, 1992.
-Sherman 1985
. Psychiatric Newspaper covers patient protests. Brain Damage. Memory Dysfunction. Abuse. Personal.
-Shetty 2012
. Neurogenesis. Seizures. Animals. Brain Damage.
-Shoor & Adams 1950
. Intensive ECT. Abuse. Brain damage.
-Smith et al. 2009
. Women. Memory Loss. Efficacy. Cognitive dysfunction. Abuse.
-Sobin, Sackeim et al. 1995
. Memory Dysfunction worsened by prior brain disorder (mini mental status examination). Bilateral worse. Autobiographical. Cognitive dysfunction. Disorientation.
-Squire et al. 1981
. Memory Dysfunction. Longterm. Public Events. Autobiographical.
-Squire and Slater 1983
. Key Article. Memory Dysfunction. Longterm. Autobiographical.
-Summers et al. 1979
. Describes lengthy delirium (acute organic brain syndrome) after a few ECT. Memory loss. Cognitive dysfunction. Brain-Disabling principle. Relates brain dysfunction to effectiveness. Notice the comparison to head injury.
-Sun 2008
. Neurogenesis. BDNF (really bFGF, very similar). Brain damage.
-Suppes et al. 1996
. Degree of Flatlining Correlates with “Effect” of ECT after 6 treatments (the period of severe trauma). Confirms brain-disabling principle.
-Templer et al. 1973
. Bender-Gestalt inferior (brain damage) in 40-plus ECTs. Intensive. Many ECT. At end, denies relationship to brain damage without explanation. See Templer 1982 and 1992, more definitive.
-Templer & Veleber. 1982
. Memory Dysfunction and Brain Damage.
-Templer 1992
. Key Article. Memory Dysfunction and Brain Damage.
-Tien 1972
. Frontiers in Psychiatry promotes Tien’s abusive treatment of women on behalf of husbands. Memory Dysfunction. Abuse.
-Vamos 2008
. Key Article. Memory Dysfunction. Personal.
-Wang 2010
. Neurogenesis. Brain damage.
-Warren 1988
. Key Article. Memory Dysfunction. Abuse. Family. Personal.
-Weiner, 1980
. Based on literature review, EEG typically produces gross abnormalities in the EEG (indicating generalized brain injury) and depending on the study, some or many patients do not recover. The EEG is one measure of gross changes in brain function, confirming persistent brain damage in many cases. See Flatlining.
-Weitz 1997
. Elderly. Women. Ban. Abuse. Canada
-Wells. 2012
. Key Article. Toronto Star. Newspaper article about Controversy. Personal.
-Wilson 2011
. Key Article. New York Times. Newspaper article about FDA decision to require testing of ECT machines. FDA says ECT and the machines raise serious risks but ECT machines (the whole treatment process) have never been tested.
-Zarubenko et al. 2005
. The convulsion in ECT causes brain cell death in the hippocampus, the area closely associated with memory, in mice. Animals. Brain damage. This article also discusses the implications for human ECT and also for neurogenesis in ECT as a response to brain cell death.
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